Key facts
- Fidelity's "salary multiple" guidance: 1× by age 30, 3× by 40, 6× by 50, 8× by 60, 10× by 67.
- The 4% rule (Bengen 1994): withdraw 4% of starting portfolio in year 1, adjust for inflation each year — 90%+ success rate over 30 years.
- A "fully on track" replacement rate target is 70–85% of pre-retirement income.
- Average retirement age in the U.S. is 64 (men) and 62 (women) — but actual savings often run out at 84 if started too late.
- Healthcare costs in retirement average $315,000 for a couple turning 65 in 2026 (Fidelity 2025 Retiree Health Care Cost Estimate).
- Social Security replaces ~40% of pre-retirement income for the average earner — meaning savings need to cover the other 30–45%.
- Sequence-of-returns risk is highest in the 5 years before and after retirement; a poor market in those years can cut a portfolio's longevity by 5–10 years.
- Plan for a 30-year retirement: a 65-year-old has a 50% chance of one spouse living past 92.
Common follow-up questions
How much do I need to retire at 65?
Multiply your expected annual retirement expenses by 25 — that's your "Bengen target." For someone needing $80,000/year in income, the target portfolio is roughly $2 million. Subtract Social Security and pension income first: if you expect $35,000/year from those, the savings target drops to $45,000 × 25 = $1.125 million.
What is the average retirement savings by age?
Per Vanguard 2025: median 401(k) balance is $48,000 at age 35–44, $112,000 at 45–54, $180,000 at 55–64. Average (mean) balances are higher because of high-saver outliers. Most Americans at 60 are well below the 8× salary benchmark and need to either save more, work longer, or reduce expected expenses.
Is the 4% rule still valid?
Yes, with caveats. Bengen's original 1994 work used 4% as the "safe" rate over 30-year periods. His 2021 update with broader asset classes raised it to 4.7%. Critics in low-return environments argue for 3.5%. Most retirement planners still use 4% as the central case and stress-test with Monte Carlo at 3.5% and 4.5%.
How do I calculate my retirement number?
Three steps: (1) Estimate annual retirement expenses in today's dollars (use 70–80% of current spending as a rough start). (2) Subtract guaranteed income — Social Security, pension, annuity. (3) Multiply the remaining gap by 25. That's your portfolio target. Adjust for inflation between now and retirement at 2.5–3%/year.
What if I'm behind on retirement savings at 50?
Real options: (1) Max catch-up contributions — $31,000/year to 401(k) plus $8,000 IRA catch-up. (2) Delay retirement 3–5 years; each year adds 8% to Social Security plus more compounding. (3) Reduce expected retirement expenses or relocate to a lower-cost area. (4) Consider partial retirement — part-time income for the first 5–10 years dramatically reduces the savings burden.
When this doesn't apply
These benchmarks assume a balanced 60/40 portfolio, U.S. Social Security eligibility, and standard tax treatment. Federal employees, military, and high-net-worth individuals with significant taxable assets follow different math. Actual readiness depends on your specific spending pattern, health, and longevity expectations.
Disclaimer: This calculator is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute financial, tax, or investment advice. Results are estimates based on the assumptions and inputs provided and are not guaranteed. Actual outcomes may vary. Consult with a qualified financial advisor or tax professional before making any financial decisions.